Complexity adds to cost and risk

One of the biggest attractions of having a broadly passive investment strategy is the simplicity of it. You don’t have to speculate on particular sectors or regions or constantly monitor how your portfolio is performing. The long-term market return is more than adequate to meet the need of most investors, and by simply aiming to capture that return at very low cost, you’re giving yourself every chance of a successful outcome.

Index funds themselves are beautifully simple, and so too are passively-managed exchange-traded funds, or ETFs. You know exactly what you’re getting with them. But when you buy an actively-managed fund you’re never quite sure. Many active equity funds, for example, include an element of bonds, cash or both, and because active managers typically turn over their entire portfolio every couple of years or so, it’s very difficult to keep tabs on everything you own at any given time.

A more worrying development in recent years is that, with active managers finding it increasingly hard to beat their benchmarks, they are resorting more and more to complex strategies. Principally, these strategies come in three different forms:

Leverage — in other words, the fund manager borrows money to increase the potential return of an investment.

Short-selling — that is, the manager sells a security that they don’t own, or that they have borrowed, in the hope that the security’s price will decline, allowing them to buy it back at a lower price to make a profit.

Options — with these, the fund manager pays for the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price at a later date.

These are often called hedging strategies; that is, they’re ostensibly designed to protect investors from risk. In practice, though, they often have the opposite effect. All three types of strategy carry a degree of risk that the end-investor may not be comfortable with.

Worryingly, new research from Canada has confirmed that active managers are making increasing use of these complex strategies, resulting in higher fees, lower returns and greater risk. The paper in question, entitled Use of Leverage, Short Sales and Options by Mutual Funds, was produced by three academics at the Smith School of Business at Queen’s University in Ontario.

According to the authors — Paul Calluzzo, Fabio Moneta and Selim Topaloglu — in the 15 years prior to the paper’s publication in March 2017, 42.5% of US domestic stock funds have used leverage, short sales or options at least once. Between 1999 and 2015, the percentage of funds using all three rose from 25.7% to 62.6%.

The researchers found that there was a price to pay for end-investors for this additional complexity. Funds that used complex investments, they calculated, had a 0.072% increase in expenses and a 0.59% decrease in excess return.

So, what did the researchers find specifically on risk? To quote the paper: “Although (managers) use the instruments in a manner that decreases the fund’s systematic risk, they hold portfolios of riskier stocks that offset the insurance capabilities of the complex instruments.”

“We find not only that funds that use complex instruments take more risk, both systematic and idiosyncratic, in their equity positions, but also that bylaws that authorise complex instrument use are associated with greater fund risk.”

In the paper’s conclusion the authors say this: “Our results suggest that the use of complex instruments is associated with outcomes that harm shareholders: lower returns, higher unsystematic risk, more negative skewness, greater kurtosis (essentially, volatility) and higher fees.”

They add: “Overall, it appears that mutual fund investors are better off choosing simplicity.”

So, why is it that active managers are using these complex strategies more and more? The bottom line is that regulators have allowed them to. But you could also argue that one reason active managers are resorting to using them is that the managers are increasingly under pressure to prove that they can beat the index. Put another way, active managers are becoming increasingly desperate.

To quote the investment author Larry Swedroe: “The active world has to fight back to keep their share, and one way to do that is to add complexity. They need to say, ‘We have a story to tell, and you need to be a member of our secret club, which has all these superior instruments.”

Investors should not be seduced by these sorts of marketing messages. In investing, simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. As Warren Buffett said, “Investing is simple, but not easy”.